Chapter - 1
Crop Production and Management
Important terms :--)
1. Agriculture – Growing plants for the commercial
use and to get the food.
2. Crops – The same kind of plants grown on a large
scale.
3. Animal
Husbandry – The science which deals with the breeding, feeding and caring
of domestic animals for the commercial use.
4. Weeds – The
unwanted plants that grow along with the main crops.
5. Ploughing -
The process of loosening and turning of soil.
6. Irrigation – The supply of water to crops at
regular intervals.
7. Harvesting –
The process of cutting and gathering of crop after its maturation.
8. Sowing –
The process of putting seeds into the land to grow the plant.
9. Manure and Fertilizers – These both matters are
used to help to grow seed as a plant rapidly.
10. Storage –
This process is used to put any type of crop to the special places to make them
best.
INTRODUCTION :--)
All living organisms
require food because it provides us energy to perform the various actions such
as Excretion, Digestion, and Respiration. Plants can make their food by the
process of photosynthesis. We take the food from plants and animals both. In order
to provide this food on a large scale there is requirement of Regular
production, Proper management and Distribution is necessary
TYPES OF CROPS :--)
1. Kharif Crops – The crops which are grown in rainy
seasons (from March to October).
Examples are Paddy (rice), Maize and Soybean, etc.
2. Rabi Crops –The crops which are grown in winter
seasons (from June to September).
Examples are Wheat, Pea and Mustard, etc.
3. Zaid Crops – The crops which are grown in summer
seasons (from March to June).
Examples are Pumpkin, Muskmelon and Watermelon, etc.
AGRICULTURE PRACTICES :--)
Agricultural
practices refer to those practices/activities which are including to grow a
crop.
Basic Agriculture practices are as follows :--)
1. Preparing of soil
2. Selection and sowing of seeds
3. Adding Manure and Fertilizers 4. Irrigation 5.
Protection from weeds 6.
Harvesting 7. Storage
1. Preparation of soil,
In this process we will prepare the soil (as name is indicating)
by making it loose and by turning it. And we will prepare the soil because it
is a medium (way) where if our soil is made good then our crop will also be
good. It needs to turn and loose so that roots permit by us to penetrate itself
deep into the soil. The loose soil allows the roots to breath (grow) easily
even when they go deep into the soil and the turn soil increasing the friendly
microbes (microorganisms) and earthworms which help to provide humus to the
soil. This loosening and turning of soil process is also being known as
Ploughing and Tilling. We can prepare the soil by the use of Plough, Hoe and
Cultivator which are considered as
Agricultural Implements.
(i) Plough – It is used to loose and turn the soil and
also to remove the weeds. It has a strong triangular
Ploughshare. There is a long rod
of wood which is known as Plough shaft and also it has a handle which is
carried by bullocks.
(ii) Hoe - It
is used to remove weeds and to make the soil as loose. A broad, strong and bent
iron plate is found to its longer wooden end. It is carried by bullocks.
(iii) Cultivator – It is used to turn, loosed and to
remove the weeds. Nowadays all things are done by cultivators and it is
attached with tractors.
2.
Selection and sowing of seeds -
In this process we have to select the seeds and to sow (to
put inside the soil) them as its name is indicating. For better crop, we have
to select the good and undamaged seeds and if we select the worse and damaged
seeds then while irrigation they come above the soil due to low tensile
strength and undamaged and good seeds do not because their tensile strength is
high and after selecting good and undamaged seeds, we have to sow them inside
the soil like that they are in the right depth, neither to shallow nor to depth
and at right intervals so that they get proper air, sunlight and nutrients.
Sowing can be done by the any method of the given below, (a) Broadcasting – The
method in which the seeds are scattered over the field by using hands. (b)
Traditional tool – That tool name is funnel because it is like a funnel shaped.
The seeds filled into the funnel are passed down through two or three pipes
having sharp ends. These end pierce into the soil and place seeds there. (c)
Transplantation – The process of transferring the seedling from nurseries to
field is known as Transplantation. (d) Seed drill – It is the modern farming
method which is like a funnel connected to several tubes. The drill is attached
to a plough, the seeds in seed bowl are released through the tubes and get
deposited in the soil and it sown the seeds uniformly. It is carried by
tractors
3. Adding
Manure and Fertilizers -
This process is used
to provide humus and fertility to the soil. Manures are more considered as good
as Fertilizers because manure can be prepared in home by animal decomposition
and plant waste and animal dung. Fertilizers are NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
Potassium). If we are purchasing any fertilizers then it will be of good
quality so that our crop will also be good.
4. Irrigation -
In this
process we provide supply of water at regular intervals, so it is known as
IRRIGATION. It provides proper growth and development of seeds and fruits. It
is depend on the Nature of crop plants and nature of soil and season when crop
plants are grown. It is very essential for plant because, (i) Germination can’t
be there (ii) Nutrients can’t be reached to other parts of plants (iii) Water
protects the crop from drought The irrigation can be done by 2 methods, (i)
Traditional – It contains Moat, chain pump, dhekli and rahat. (ii) Modern – It
contain drip and sprinkler system Moat: This can be done by a vessel which we
all say to that m atka and with this we fill water into the vessel then separate
into field.
Chain Pump: This can be done by using tube wells. With tube
wells it directly start providing water to the field by means of electricity.
Dekhli – It can be done by taking water from the wells and just separate that
into the fields. Rahat – It can be done with the help of animals (bullocks).
Bullocks rotate the handle and with that the spring wheel start moving and
start separating water into the fields. Drip system – This system is used to
irrigate water drop by drop so that the roots can take water easily and make it
best by make it more wet. This is considered great methods according to modern
farming methods of irrigation. Sprinkler system – In this system water will go
the plants like rainfall by means of rotating nozzles and plants root can’t
able to take water much greater than
like that in drip the water reached drop by drop but in sprinkler it
does not so it is not considered as good method compare to drip method.
5. PROTECTION FROM WEEDS -
Weeds are the unwanted plants that grow along with the main
crops and it make competition between the plants and the plants are not able to
grown more quickly because of weeds. These can be done by using Spraying and by
using Sickle. Spraying – It is a modern farming method to remove the weeds by
the chemicals. Sickle – It is manually type methods used to remove weeds
without using chemicals. Weeds are also controlled by weedicides like 2, 4-D
(2, 4 – Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
6.
HARVESTING
In this process after maturing the crop we will cut that by
using sickle and by using harvester machine (combine) Sickle – It is also known
as draath in our language and by this we can cut the crop by more labour and it
takes times at least 3-4 days to cut that crop by using sickle. Harvester – It
is also known as Combine in our language and by these we can cut the crop by
using this machine in one day and no labour is required instead of drivers. Two
word ‘threshing and winnowing’ came from this group that’s mean is to remove
the chaff from grains. Winnowing means to separate chaff from grains by using
small holding of land.
7. Storage -
In this process after done all this things we will just
store that crop in Silos and Granaries Silos – These are the large platform to
store the crop. Granaries – These are the small platform to store the crop. And
we will put some chemically type medicine and dried neem leave to protect crops
from al the wastes.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY :--)
The science which deals with the breeding, feeding and take
care of animals for the commercial use and to get food .
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